Prof. Nathaniel D. Robinson
Email: nathaniel.d.robinson@liu.se
Telephone: +46 (0)13 28 2212
Office: Fysikhuset N319
ORC-ID: 0000-0002-2773-5096
Summary
For a summary of my current research, see the Transport and Separations Group homepage.
Background
I graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with a B.S. in Chemical Engineering in 1994. I then earned a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering at Cornell University, focusing in the area of transport and interface stability. Breaking away from academia, I spent two years as a process/development engineer with Intel Corporation near Portland, Oregon. Projects there included work on the co-development of a polymer memory product with Thin Film Electronics (of Sweden).
I was a member of the Organic Electronics group at ITN from October of 2002 to 2006 when I obtained my Docent degree. My experience in mathematical modeling of transport processes and chemical reactions proved useful in understanding and developing new hybrid devices, resulting in several patents.
In 2008 I moved to IFM, where I have started a new group focused on processes involving species transport and separations.
Besides performing research, I am a co-founder of several companies aimed at commercializing research results, including Lunavation AB, LunaMicro AB, Inorel AB and OBOE. I am also available as a consultant and teacher in statistical process control (SPC) and experiment design (DOE, DOX), two techniques employed by the electronics industry for improving and maintaining quality in manufacturing processes.
Research
My research combines my experience in the fields of transport phenomena (e.g. fluid dynamics), microelectronics and materials science, particularly the area of organic electronics. "Organic electronics" lies on the frontier between electrochemistry and device physics. Bringing ideas together from these fields to understand conducting polymers and their applications forms the foundation for the strength of my research group.
One of the most exciting characteristics of many conducting polymers is their ability to change their properties electrochemically. Changes in color, conductivity and volume are widely-used in a variety of devices. Among other things, I am interested in employing these materials can be used for simplifying the manufacture and use of low-cost point-of-care medical diagnostic devices, particularly with techniques such as additive manufacturing (3D printing).
Specific areas I am interested in include:
- Microfluidic devices employing electrochemical conjugated polymers and conducting metal oxides
- Medical applications such as point-of-care diagnostics
- Chemical and biological applications such as drug delivery, bulk fluid transport and separation processes
- Additive (both 3D printing and roll-to-roll) manufacturing of organic electronics
- Fundamental research into the kinetics and ionic and electronic transport in components such as light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), electrochemical transistors and electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors
In the past, I have also worked extensively with:
- Characterization of conductive organic polymer and metal oxide devices and materials
- Electronic surface energy control
- The electrochemical transistor and its use in transistor logic and biological sensors and actuators
- Improvement in electrochemical display contrast, speed and reliability
- Mathematical modeling of the devices above for fundamental understanding and engineering applications including: electronic transport models for PEDOT-PSS and other materials and rate characterization of ion transport and electrochemical reactions
External collaborations (prior and current)
- Nano-materials and Devices group at Rutgers University
- Institute of Materials Chemistry of the Vienna University of Technology
- Molecular Materials and Nano Systems Division at Eindhoven Technical University
- Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University
Memberships / Commissions of trust
- Member of the Editorial Board for Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research.
- Work Group leader for the EU COST targeted network Sci-GENERATION.
- Senior member of several professional organizations including the AIChE, member of the MRS, ECS, AES, and MTF.
- Member of the Young Academy of Europe (YAE).
- Member of board of LiU chapter of the Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers (Sveriges Ingenjörer).
Recent Publications
A summary of my publications and citations can be found at ResearcherID.com.
- P. G. Erlandsson, E. Åström, P. Påhlsson, and N. D. Robinson, Determination of Fucose Concentration in a Lectin-Based Displacement Microfluidic Assay. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019, 1-10 (2019)
- A. Khaldi, D. Falk,, K. Bengtsson, A. Maziz, D. Filippini; N. D. Robinson, AND E. Jager, Patterning highly conducting conjugated polymer electrodes for soft and flexible microelectrochemical devices. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 10, 14978–14985 (2018)
- K. Bengtsson, J. Christoffersson, C.-F. Mandenius, and N. D. Robinson, A clip-on electroosmotic pump for oscillating flow in microfluidic cell culture devices. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 22, 27 (2018)
- K. Bengtsson, and N. D. Robinson, A large-area, all-plastic, flexible electroosmotic pump. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 21, 178 (2017)
- S. Nilsson, and N. D. Robinson, On the anodic deposition of poly-L-lysine on indium tin oxide. Electrochemica Acta 196, pp 629-633 (2016)
- S. Nilsson, P. G. Erlandsson, and N. D. Robinson, Electroosmotic Pumps with Frits Synthesized from Potassium Silicate. PLoS ONE 10, e0144065 (2015)
- G. Bergström, K. Nilsson, C.-F. Mandenius, and N. D. Robinson, Macroporous microcarriers for introducing cells into a microfluidic chip. Lab on a Chip 14 pp 3502-3504 (2014)
- K. Bengtsson, S. Nilsson, and N. D. Robinson, Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Gel Electrophoresis. PLoS One 9, e89416 (2014)
- S. Nilsson, F. Björefors, and N. D. Robinson, Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of polyelectrolyte film growth under anodic conditions. Applied Surface Science 2013 pp. 783-790 (2013)
- B Sun, P Tehrani, N. D. Robinson, and D Brandell, Tailoring the conductivity of PEO-based electrolytes for temperature-sensitive printed electronics. Journal of Materials Science 48, p. 5756 (2013)
- N. D. Robinson, L. Edman and M. Chhowalla, Graphene electrodes for organic metal-free light-emitting devices. Physica Scripta 2012, 014023 (2012)
- P. G. Erlandsson and N. D. Robinson, Electrolysis-Reducing Electrodes for Electrokinetic Devices. Electrophoresis 32 pp. 784-790 (2011)
- P. Matyba, H. Yamaguchi, M. Chhowalla, N. D. Robinson and L. Edman, Flexible and Metal-Free Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on Graphene and PEDOT-PSS as the Electrode Materials. ACS Nano 5, pp. 574-580 (2011)
- P. Tehrani, I. Engquist, N. D. Robinson, D. Nilsson, M. Robertsson and M. Berggren, Printable organic electrochemical circuit to record time-temperature history. Electrochimica Acta 55, pp. 7061-7066 (2010)
- P. Matyba, H. Yamaguchi, G. Eda, M. Chhowalla, L. Edman and N. D. Robinson, Graphene and Mobile Ions: The Key to All-Plastic, Solution-Processed Light-Emitting Devices. ACS Nano 4, pp. 637-642 (2010)
- P. Matyba, K. Maturova, M. Kemerink, N. D. Robinson and L. Edman, The dynamic organic p–n junction. Nature Materials 8, pp. 672-676 (2009)
- N. D. Robinson, J. Fang, P. Matyba, L. Edman, Electrochemical doping during light emission in polymer LECs. Physical Review B 78, 245202 (2008)
- R. Mannerbro, M. Ranlöf, N. Robinson and R. Forchheimer, Inkjet printed electrochemical organic electronics. Synthetic Metals 158, pp. 556-60 (2008)
- J. Fang, P. Matyba, N. D. Robinson, L. Edman, Identifying and alleviating electrochemical side-reactions in light-emitting electrochemical cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society 130, pp. 4562-8 (2008)
- T. Wågberg, P. R. Hania, N. D. Robinson, J.-H. Shin, P. Matyba, L. Edman, On the Limited Operational Lifetime of Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Advanced Materials 20, pp. 1744-9 (2008)
- J. Isaksson, D. Nilsson, P. Kjäll, N. D. Robinson, A. Richter-Dahlfors, M. Berggren, Electronically controlled pH gradients and proton oscillations. Organic Electronics 9, pp. 303-9 (2008)
- J. Isaksson, P. Kjäll, D. Nilsson, N. D. Robinson, M. Berggren, A. Richter-Dahlfors, Electronic control of Ca2+ signalling in neuronal cells using an organic electronic ion pump. Nature Materials 6, pp. 673-9 (2007) (See the commentary in the same issue.)
- J.-H. Shin, N. D. Robinson, S. Xiao, L. Edman, Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: Doping Concentration, Emission Zone Position, and Turn on Time. Advanced Functional Materials 17, pp. 1807-13 (2007)
- J.-H. Shin, P. Matyba, N. D. Robinson, L. Edman, The Influence of Electrodes on the Performance of Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Electrochimica Acta 52, pp. 6456-62 (2007)
- P. Tehrani, A. Kanciurzewska, X. Crispin, N. D. Robinson, M. Fahlman and M. Berggren, The effect of pH on the over-oxidation of PEDOT:PSS. Solid State Ionics 177, pp. 3521-7 (2007)
- M. Berggren D. Nilsson and N. D. Robinson, Organic materials for printed electronics. Nature Materials 6, pp. 3-5 (2007)
- N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Printing Organic Electronics on Flexible Substrates in the Handbook of Conducting Polymers 3rd ed., CRC Press (Editors: T. A. Skotheim and J. Reynolds) ISBN:1574446657 (2007)
- L. Herlogsson, X. Crispin, N. D. Robinson, M. Sandberg, O.-J. Hagel, G. Gustafsson and M. Berggren, Low-Voltage Polymer Field-Effect Transistors Gated via a Proton Conductor. Advanced Materials 19, pp. 97-101 (2007)
- L. Robinson, A. Hentzell, N. D. Robinson, J. Isaksson and M. Berggren, Electrochemical wettability switches gate aqueous liquids in microfluidic systems. Lab on a Chip 6, pp. 1277-8 (2006) (Also featured in the "Research Highlights" section of Nature and in Chemical Technology.)
- X. Crispin, P. Andersson, N. D. Robinson, J. Cornil and M. Berggren, Photochromic diodes in Semiconducting Polymers, 2nd ed., Wiley (Editors: G. Malliaras and G. Hadziioannou) ISBN:3527312714 (2006)
- N. D. Robinson, J.-H. Shin, M. Berggren and L. Edman, Doping front propagation in light-emitting electrochemical cells. Physical Review B 74, pp. 155210 (2006)
- E. Said, X. Crispin, L. Herlogsson, S. Elhag, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Polymer field effect transistor gated via a poly(styrenesulfonic acid) thin film. Applied Physics Letters 89, pp. 143507 (2006)
- P. Tehrani, J. Isaksson, W. Mammo, M. R. Andersson, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Evaluation of active materials designed for use in printable electrochromic polymer displays. Thin Solid Films 515, pp. 2485-92 (2006)
- N. D. Robinson, P.O. Svensson, D. Nilsson and M. Berggren, On the current saturation observed in electrochemical polymer transistors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 153, pp. H39-44 (2006)
- J. Isaksson, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Electronic modulation of an electrochemically induced wettability gradient to control water movement on a polyaniline surface. Thin Solid Films 515, pp. 2003-8 (2006)
- L. Robinson, J. Isaksson, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Electrochemical control of surface wettability of poly(3-alkylthiophenes). Surface Science 600, pp. L148-L152 (2006)
- P. Andersson, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Switchable charge traps in polymer diodes. Advanced Materials, 17, pp. 1798-1803 (2005)
- P. Andersson, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Diodes based on blends of molecular switches and conjugated polymers. Synthetic Metals, 150, pp. 217-21 (2005)
- D. Nilsson, N. D. Robinson, M. Berggren and R. Forchheimer, Electrochemical Logic Circuits. Advanced Materials, 17, pp. 353-8 (2005)
- E. Said, N. D. Robinson, D. Nilsson, P.-O. Svensson and M. Berggren, Visualizing the Electric Field in Electrolytes Using Electrochromism from a Conjugated Polymer, Electrochemical and Solid-state Letters. 8, pp. H12-H16 (2005)
- P. Tehrani, N. D. Robinson, T. Kugler, T. Remonen, L.-O. Hennerdal, J. Häll, A. Malmström, L. Leenders and M. Berggren, Patterning polythiophene films using electrochemical over-oxidation. Smart Materials and Structures, 14, pp. N21-N25 (2005)
- J. Isaksson, C. Tengstedt, M. Fahlman, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, A Solid-state Organic Electronic Wettability Switch. Advanced Materials, 16, pp. 316-320 (2004)
Patents and applications
- A light-emitting electrochemical device, a system comprising such a device and use of such a device, SE0950800-3.
- A system for electrokinetic fluid flow, US9168527, SE534488, WO2011102801.
- Electrochemical Device, WO2011042430, EP2486447.
- Transistor with large ion-complexes in electrolyte layer, US7646013.
- Device, kit and method for monitoring a parameter history, EP1862786 / US2008223717.
- Method, device and computer program product for monitoring a substrate patterning process, EP1916670 / US2008156663.
- E-field mapping, US2006087324.
- Timer switch, EP1720188 / US2006261676.
- Electrically controlled ion transport device, EP1862798 / US2008023339.
- Transistor, EP1786049 / US2007138463.
- Wettability Switch, WO2005053836.
Popular science contributions
- Cosmos magazine 2011-09-28
- Swedish radio 2010-10-06
- Swedish radio 2010-02-08
Conference contributions
- K. Bengtsson and N. D. Robinson Low-cost 3D printed Electrokinetic in 2013 AIChE Annual Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2013)
- P. G. Erlandsson, P. Preechaburana, E. Åstrom, D. Filippini, N. D. Robinson and P. Påhlsson Fucose on a chip: A lab on a chip device for screening cancer and liver disease in 2013 Diagnostics Forum (Uppsala, Sweden, 2013)
- N. D. Robinson Low-voltage and electrolysis-free electroosmosis for microfluidic applications in COST / LIST Symposium 2012 Bioinspired Nanotechnologies for Distributed Diagnostics (Linköping, Sweden, 2012)
- N. D. Robinson and P. G. Erlandsson Electrolysis-free Electrokinetic Systems Based on Conjugated Polymer Electrodes in MSW2012 (Linköping, Sweden, 2012)
- N. D. Robinson Applications of Conjugated Polymers in Separation Science in Nordic Separation Science Society 6th Conference (Riga, Latvia, 2011)
- S. Nilsson M. Fahlman F. Björefors and N. D. Robinson Adsorption of Poly-L-lysine as a Function of Applied Potential in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2010)
- P. G. Erlandsson and N. D. Robinson Ion-electron Transducing Electrodes With Electrochemically Active Material for Sample-Friendly Electroosmotic Pumps in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2010)
- S. Nilsson and N. D. Robinson The Effect of Applied Potential on the Adsorption of Poly-L-lysine on Platinum Electrodes using EQCM-D in AIChE Annual Meeting (Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 2010)
- P. G. Erlandsson and N. D. Robinson Ion-electron transducers utilizing electrodes with electrochemically active conductive material for electroosmotic pumps in Lab-On-A-Chip applications in AIChE Annual Meeting (Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 2010)
- P. Matyba, H Yamaguchi, G. Eda, M. Chhowalla, L. Edman and N. D. Robinson Metal-free all-organic polymer light-emitting devices in AIChE Annual Meeting (Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 2010)
- P. Matyba, H Yamaguchi, G. Eda, M. Chhowalla, L. Edman and N. D. Robinson Graphene electrodes for metal-free organic light-emitting devices in ICoCoM (Sousse, Tunisia, 2010)
- P. Matyba, H Yamaguchi, G. Eda, M. Chhowalla, L. Edman and N. D. Robinson Metal-free polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells incorporating a transparent graphene electrode in Electrochemical Society Fall Meeting (Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2010)
- P. G. Erlandsson and N. D. Robinson Side-reaction free electrodes for electrokinetic Lab-on-a-chip Applications in Electrochemical Society Fall Meeting (Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2010)
- S. Nilsson, M. Fahlman, F. Björefors N. D. Robinson The Effect of Applied Potential on the Adsorption of Poly-L-lysine on Platinum Electrodes in Electrochemical Society Fall Meeting (Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2010)
- N. D. Robinson Graphene Elecrrodes for Organic Metal-free Light-emitting Devices in Nobel Symosium on Graphene and Quantum Matter (Stockholm, Sweden, 2010)
- P. Tehrani, N. D. Robinson, M. Robertsson, A. Malmström, D. Nilsson and M. Berggren, Printable Temperature Logging Device in Materials Research Society Spring Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2007)
- P. Tehrani, A. Kanciurzewska, X. Crispin, N. D. Robinson, M. Fahlman and M. Berggren, Ph Dependence on the over-Oxidation Mechanism in Pedot:Pss Films in Materials Research Society Spring Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2007)
- P. Tehrani, J. Isaksson, D. Nilsson, N. D. Robinson, L.-O. Hennerdal and M. Berggren, Electrochemical over-Oxidation as a Patterning Technique for Printed Electronics in Materials Research Society Spring Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2007)
- N. D. Robinson, Electrochemical Control of the Surface Energy of Conjugated Polymers for Guiding Samples in Micro- and Nano-Fluidic Systems in IUTAM Symposium on Advances in Microfluidics and Nanofluidics (Dresden, Germany, 2007)
- J. Isaksson, P. Kjäll, D. Nilsson, N. D. Robinson, M. Berggren and A. Richter-Dahlfors, Artificially Induced Ca2+ Flux in Hcn-2 Neuronal Cells Using an Organic Electronic Ion Pump in Materials Research Society Spring Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2007)
- L. Herlogsson, X. Crispin, E. Said, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Low-Voltage Organic Field-Effect Transistors Gated Via Polyanionic Electrolytes in Materials Research Society Spring Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2007)
- M. Berggren, A. Richter-Dahlfors, J. Isaksson, D. Nilsson, P. Kjall and N. Robinson, An Organic Electronic Ion Pump to Induce Intracellular Signalling in Living Cells in Materials Research Society Spring Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2007)
- N. D. Robinson, D. Nilsson, J. Isaksson, P. Kjäll, A. Richter-Dahlfors and M. Berggren, Micro-Electrochemical and Electrophoretic Delivery of Charged Species from Conducting Polymer Surfaces in American Institute of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2006)
- N. D. Robinson, L. Herlogsson, E. Said, X. Crispin and M. Berggren, Electrochemical and Electrolyte-Enhanced Polymer Thin Film Transistors in American Institute of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2006)
- N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Large-Volume Roll-to-Roll Screen Printing of Organic Electronic Devices in American Institute of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2006)
- J. Isaksson, D. Nilsson, P. Kjäll, N. D. Robinson, A. Richter-Dahlfors and M. Berggren, An Organic Electronic Ion Pump for Spatial and Temporal Control of Ion Delivery from a Surface in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2006)
- J. Bobacka, A. Ivaska, P.-O. Svensson, N. Robinson and M. Berggren, Electrochemical Sensors Based on Organic Electrochemical Transistors in E-MRS IUMRS ICEM 2006 Spring Meeting (Nice, France, 2006)
- M. Berggren, K. Svennersten, A. Richter-Dahlfors, M. Bolin and N. Robinson, Electronic Control of Cell Adhesion and Tissue Formation Using Electronic Surface Tension Switches in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2006)
- M. Berggren, N. D. Robinson, L. Robinson, D. Nilsson, J. Isaksson and P.-O. Svensson, Polythiophene-Based Electrochemical Transistors in Sensor and Actuator Applications in E-MRS IUMRS ICEM 2006 Spring Meeting (Nice, France, 2006)
- M. Berggren, L. Robinson, N. Robinson, J. Isaksson, E. Saindon and M. Bolin, Electronic Wettability Switches as the Gate for Analytes in Microfluidic Systems in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2006)
- E. Said, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Detecting Local Concentration and Mobility in Electrolytes by Measuring the Electric Field in Electrolytes in Electrochemical Society 207th Meeting (Quebec City, Canada, 2005)
- N. D. Robinson, P.-O. Svensson, D. Nilsson and M. Berggren, Electrochromism as a Tool for Understanding the Electrochemical Polymer Transistor in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2005)
- N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Combined Electrochemical Kinetic and Electronic Transport Model of the Doping of a Thin Conjugated Polymer Film in Materials Research Society Spring Meeting (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2005)
- D. Nilsson, R. Forchheimer, M. Berggren and N. Robinson, The Electrochemical Transistor and Circuit Design Considerations in IEEE Proceedings of the 2005 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (Cork, Ireland, 2005)
- J. Isaksson, L. Robinson, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, Electronic Control of Contact Angles and Liquid Movement on Conducting Polymer Surfaces in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2005)
- M. Berggren, L.-O. Hennerdal, D. Nilsson, A. Sawatdee, R. Forchheimer and N. D. Robinson, Printed Integrated Electronic and Electrochemical Systems on Paper in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2005)
- P. Andersson, P. Tehrani, R. Forchheimer, D. Nilsson, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, All-Organic Active Matrix Addressed Displays Based on Electrochromic Polymers and Flexible Substrates in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2005)
- J. Isaksson, C. Tengstedt, M. Fahlman, N. D. Robinson and M. Berggren, A Solid-State Organic Electrochemical Wettability Switch in ISE 55th annual meeting (Thessaloniki, Greece, 2004)
- M. Berggren, D. Nilsson, P.-O. Svensson, P. Andersson, M. Chen, P. Tehrani and N. D. Robinson, Electrochemical Transistors Based on Conjugated Polymers in ISE 55th annual meeting (Thessaloniki, Greece, 2004)
- M. Berggren, M. Chen, E. Perzon, M. Andersson and N. Robinson, Electroluminescence at 1 Micron from a Conjugated Polymer in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2004)
- M. Berggren, P. Andersson and N. Robinson, Diodes Based on Blends of Molecular Switches and Conjugated Polymers in E-MRS Spring Meeting (Strasbourg, France, 2004)
- P.-O. Svensson, N. D. Robinson, D. Nilsson, J. Häll and M. Berggren, Pinch-Off and Saturation Behaviour in an Electrochemical Polymer Transistor Based on Pedot:Pss in 3rd International IEEE Conference on Polymers and Adhesives in Microelectronics and Photonics - POLYTRONIC 2003, 20-23 Oct. 2003 (Montreaux, Switzerland, 2003)
- N. D. Robinson, E. Said, D. Nilsson, P.-O. Svensson, J. Häll and M. Berggren, Electric Field Visualization within Electrolytes Using Electronically Isolated Electrochromic Polymer Islands in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2003)
- N. D. Robinson, Electronic Characteristics of Polymer Electrochemical Devices on Paper or Plastic Substrate in Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA, 2003)
- D. Nilsson, M. Chen, P.-O. Svensson, N. D. Robinson, T. Kugler and M. Berggren, All-Organic Electrochemical Device with Bistable and Dynamic Functionality in SPIE - Smart Structures and Materials 2003: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (San Diego, CA, USA, 2003)
- M. Berggren, D. Nilsson, M. Chen, P. Andersson, T. Kugler, A. Malmstrom, J. Häll, T. Remonen and N. D. Robinson, Polymer Based Electrochemical Devices for Logic Functions and Paper Displays in Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. Smart Structures and Materials 2003. Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) (San Diego, CA, USA, 2003)
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Last updated: 2019-04-08